语法俱乐部第十三章笔记 合句

• 子句：如果有两个以上的单句写在同一个句子里面，那么里面的每一个单句都可以称为子句
• 限定子句(finite clauses)：具有限定动词，限定动词是指具备了人称变化、时态变化等等，可以用来制造一个完整单句的动词
• 非限定子句(nonfinite clauses)：子句中只有非限定动词，非限定动词是指像现在分词，过去分词，动名词，不定式等等称为动状词的东西
• 例1：He understands that he did the wrong thing then.
  • He understands … 这个子句为限定子句，因为具有限定动词 understands(第三人称单数，现在简单式)
  • He did … 这个子句也是限定子句，因为具有限定动词 did
• 例2：He hates his girlfriend’s spending so much time on makeup every day.
  • He hates … 这个子句为限定子句
  • His girlfriend’s spending … 这个子句为非限定子句

句子的三种层次

• 初级的单句：必须是限定子句
  • We are sitting here in the sun.
  • We can see snow-covered hills.
• 中级的复合句：由两个以上的限定子句经由连接词连接而成
  • We are sitting here in the sun, and we can see snow-covered hills.
  • As we are sitting here in the sun, we can see snow-covered hills.
• 高级的减化子句：在复合句中尽量只留下一个限定子句，其余的尽可能改写为非限定子句，省略掉所有重复与空洞的部分，大力压缩，尽量只留下一个限定子句，获得最精简的修辞效果
  • Sitting here in the sun, we can see snow-covered hills.

对等连接词

• 对等连接词(主要是and，or与but三个)可以用来连接句子中任何两个对等的部分(单字或短语)，也可以连接两个对等子句，所谓对等，是指构造与内容两个方面都要对称，而且对得越是工整越好。
• 主语
  • George and Mary were good friends.
  • George, Mary, and Jane were always together.
• 动词
  • We always worked and played together.
  • We ran, jumped, and shouted for joy.
• 其他，句子中的受词位置，补语位置，或者修饰语，只要用上连接词，都可以放入两个以上
  • We take our holidays in July or August.

相关字组

• 对等连接词有时候交代的不够清楚，这时候可以用对等连接词的相关字组(correlatives)来把话说得更清楚，例：
  • He spoke to George and me.
    • 对等连接词连接名词George和代名词me，共同放在介词to后面当受词，构成介词短语用来修饰spoke的对象，但是有一点模糊，他是对George和我一起讲话，还是分别对George和我讲了两次话，这时可以用相关字组来交代的更清楚：
    • He spoke both to Geroge and to me. (分别对每个人讲话)
• 三个主要连接词的相关字组
  • both A and B
  • either A or B; neither A nor B
  • not only A but also B
• 相关字组的对称要求
  • 使用以上相关字组时要注意，A和B这两个位置放进去的东西必须对称，在相关字组中，对称的要求比一般的对等连接词更严格
  • Gold jewelry looks beautiful and elegant. (正确)
  • Gold jewelry looks beautiful and lasts forever. (正确)
  • Gold jewelry lasts forever but expensive. (错误)
  • Gold jewelry not only looks beautiful but also elegent. (错误)
  • Gold jewelry looks not only beautiful but also elegent. (正确)
  • Gold jewelry not only looks beautiful but also lasts forever. (正确)

对等子句

• 一个句子中也可以靠对等连接词来塞入两个以上的限定子句，称为对等子句
• Everyone was in the hall, and the door had been closed.
• Most of us were in the hall, the doors had been closed, and the lights were out.
• He did not like us, and everyone knew, but no one admitted it.
• Either he did not like our hair, or we had offended him in some other way.

相关字组的倒装

• 例：Chine is not only the world’s most populous state but also the largest market in the 21st century.
  • 两个都是名称短语，符合对称的要求
• 如果把not only 移到句首来加强语气，就变成：
  • Not only is china the world’s most populous state but also the largest market in the 21st century. (错误)
  • 此时就变得不对称了，前面是限定子句，后面是名称短语，所以要把后面也改成限定字句才符合对称的要求：
  • Not only is china the world’s most populous state but it is also the largest market in the 21st century.

对等子句的省略

• 例：Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth and generally harm the fetus. (错误)
• 这个句子可以视为下面这个句子的省略：
• Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth of the fetus, and it may generally harm the fetus.
• 这两个对等子句的主语smoking by pregnant women相同，fetus也有一定的重复，对等子句的省略原则就是：相对应的位置如果是重复的元素，就可以省略掉一个，不过上面这句中，虽然fetus是重复的，但是扮演的角色不同，一个是介词受词，一个是动词受词，所以前面fetus可以省略，但是介词of不能，正确省略如下：
• Smoking by pregnant women may slow the growth of and generally harm the fetus.

总结

• 这一章重点是对等连接词连接的对象要前后对称