语法俱乐部第七章笔记 语气助动词
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- 主要的语气助动词有must，will，would，should，can，could，may，might这几个，另外还有ought to，have to，used to，need，dare，had better，would rahter，might as well，这些词配合原形动词构成动词短语，用来表现各式各样的语气或态度
- 语气助动词的两种用法
- 一般用法，例：
- We must be very careful.
- 这种用法用来表达义务，意愿，责任，能力，许可等
- 猜测用法，例：
- John must be very careless.
- 这种用来用来表达猜测
- 主要语气助动词的一般用法
- must 表达义务，非如此不可，缺乏时态变化，现在时间和过去时间一样，例：
- We must all keep together.
- He said we must all keep together.
- will / would，表达愿意，决心，承诺，在一般用法中有时态的差别，例：
- I will have my own way.
- He said he would have his own way.
- 如果是过去时间，要采用过去拼法的would，不过would也可也用在现在时间中，表示客气地询问，例：
- Would you like a cup of coffee?
- shall / should，shall通常只见于shall I，shall we这种以第一人称询问对方意愿的讲法中，也可以用在相当正式的语气表达谈话者强烈的决心，例如
- The enemy shall not pass!
- 除此之外，一般都只会用到should，不管是现在时间，还是过去时间，一般用法表达责任，义务，不这样做不对，例：
- We should always be on time.
- He said we should leave early, and we did.
- can / could，表达有能力，有权力，具有时态的差别，例：
- I can drink a dozen beers in an hour.
- Last night there was something wrong with my stomach, and I could not even finish one beer.
- could也可以用在现在时间，表现特别客气的语气，例：
- Could you please help me with my homework?
- may / might，表达准许，许可，有时态的差别，例：
- You may go now.
- He said we might go.
- might也可以用在现在时间中，表达语气上的客气
- Might I ask a big favor of you?
- 一般用法的过去拼法配合完成式
- 在主要语气助动词中，作过去拼法的有would，should，could，might这四个，如果后面配合动词完成式，通常表示：1，相对于过去时间，2，非事实语气，例：
- 例1：I woud have left the country if I had known what was going to happen.
- 以过去拼法的would配合完成式，表示是从前的事，而且事实上并没有离开
- 例2：You should have attemed the meeting last week; Why didn’t you?
- 例3：With a little help, I could have finished a lot sooner.
- 例4：Under a more reasonable boss, I might have done a much better job.
- 主要语气助动词的猜测用法
- 用于猜测时，will/would，can/could，may/might，这三对已经完全没有表达时态的功能，只是用来表达语气的轻重，will/can/may用于比较有把握的猜测，would/could/might用于比较没把握的猜测，而且所有的语气助动词，不论过去拼法还是现在拼法，配合完成式使用，意思就是猜测过去
- must
- Listen! It must be raining hard outside.
- It must have rained last night - the ground is still wet.
- will
- That will be George at the door, I except.
- You will all have heard the news last night.
- would
- This seat would be mine, right?
- That would have been the mailman just now, I found some new mails in the box.
- should
- We should be on the right track.
- He should have left, his car is gone.
- can
- Where can he be at this hour?
- Where can he have gone.
- could
- Of course, I could be wrong.
- The police is here，something could have gone wrong.
- may
- Don’t go near that snake, it may be dangerous.
- It may have been dangerous, but now it’s gone.
- might
- Bring a compass, you might get lost in the woods.
- Check the answering machine. He might have left a message for you.
- 次要语气助动词
- ought to
- I think you ought to apologize to him. 一般用法
- He ought to be home now. 猜测用法
- You ought not to have done that. 一般用法，过去非事实语气
- have to
- You have to tell your father. 一般用法
- That has to be the pizza man at the door. 猜测用法
- used to
- He used to somke a pipe. 一般用法
- Used he to smoke a pipe? / Did he used to smoke a pipe? 一般用法疑问句
- He used not to smoke a pipe. / He didn’t used to smoke a pipe. 一般用法否定句
- need
- I don’t think you need go. 一般用法
- Need I remind you of the consequences? 一般用法疑问句
- You needn’t do that. 一般用法否定句
- dare
- I’m not sure I dare touch that snake.
- had better
- I think we had better leave now.
- would rather
- I would rather go abroad than study at a local graduate school.
- 如果would rather后面有than，因为这个than是比较级的连接词，要求前后对称，所以前面有原形动词，后面就可以用原形动词和它对称
- might as well
- We might as well walk, with so much traffic on the road.
- 这个助动词没有疑问句的形态，它的否定句可以这样表示：
- We might as well not drive at all.
