语法俱乐部第六章笔记 动词时态
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- 动词时态架简驱繁的办法是：把be动词当做动词，其后的分词视为形容词补语看待
- 分词视为形容词
- 例1：The book is selling well.
- 动词是is，时态是现在简单式，它后面的selling well这个分词短语是形容词，当做主语补语使用，修饰the book，现在分词字尾有“持续，进行”的暗示，所以selling well这个形容词短语表示这本书正在或者一直卖的很好
- 例2：The book is well written.
- 动词是is，后面的well written这个过去分词短语当形容词补语看待，修饰主语the book，过去分词字尾具有“被动，完成”的暗示，所以well written这个形容词短语表示这本书被写或者已经写的很好
- 静态动词
- 英语动词中有一批相当“名不符实”的动词，虽然叫动词，却没有动作在里头，真正名符其实的动词如：hit，kill，eat，run，talk，jump，swim等等，代表的都是动作，以传统语法的分类来说，这种动态的动词才能够有进行式，也就是说只有动态动词才适合用来表示正在做或一直在做某个动作，例：
- He is eating breakfast now.
- The dog was swiming toward the shore then.
- I am busy. I have a lot of work to do.
- This camera belongs to me.
- He was having lunch when I called.
- 简单式
- 简单式的动词可以清楚交代此动作发生于哪个时段，而与它搭配的时间副词通常会明确标示出一个时段，也就是说，简单式的时间是个括弧的形状，我们可以用括弧把简单式的时间括起来，动作就发生于这个括弧内，这个括弧大小不拘，可以小到一个点，也可以大到无限，可是必须明确标示，否则上下文也该有清楚的暗示
- 过去时间
- 例1：The U.S. established diplomatic relations with the P.R.C in 1979.
- 例2：The movable print was introduced to England in 1485.
- 例3：I was visiting clients the whole day yesterday.
- 例4：The witness was being questioned in court when he had a heart attack.
- 现在时间
- 如果时间副词是now，或者以now为中心的一个或大或小的括弧，就应该采用现在简单式，例：
- 例1：Wang Chien-Ming pitches for the Yankees.
- 例2：All mothers love their children.
- 例3：That retail chain is selling big cokes at a discount this month.
- 例4：According to the NASA survey, the ozone layer is being depleted.
- 未来时间
- 未来时间的简单式，只是把时间的括弧放在未来，其他的原理则完全相同，未来时间，简单式动词有5种方式可以表达：
- John will leave tomorrow.
- will leave，使用到助动词will，具有最浓厚的不确定的语气，表示到时候将会，可能会，语气的重点放在未来
- John is going to leave tomorrow.
- 与will leave接近，比较口语化，偏重于现在的意图，打算，征兆等
- John is to leave tomorrow.
- John is going tomorrow.
- John leaves tomorrow.
- 采用现在简单式来表述，是语气最确定的一种讲法，虽然尚未发生，但是已经非常确定，可以排除带有不确定意味的助动词will，直接用现在简单式把它当做事实来叙述
- 未来式举例：
- 例1：I will discuss the plan with my boss next week.
- 例2：Don’t call me at six tomorrow. I will still be sleeping then.
- 过去时间的未来
- 如果以某个过去时间为出发点，它的未来式通常要拼成过去拼法的would，例：
- 例1：It was mid-1945; Japan would soon raid Peal Harbor.
- 例2：The weatherman said it would rain, but it didn’t.
- 一条语法规则：表示时间或条件的副词子句，用现在式代替未来式
- 副词子句和名词子句
- 例1：I know when he left the room.
- S + V + O，句型，是名词子句，when解释为何时
- 例2：He forgot his briefcase when he left the room.
- S + V + O，句型，是副词子句，when解释为当…的时候，它引导的是时间副词子句
- 例3：I will ask if he has the money.
- S + V + O 句型，是名词子句，if解释为是否
- 例4：If he has the money, he can help us.
- 主句是S + V + O 句型，子句是副词子句，if解释为如果，它引导的是条件副词子句
- 规则：when解释为当…的时候，if解释为如果，这种句子就是要把未来当做已经到了，就是现在，所以动词要采用现在式，例：
- 例1：When he gets here, the police will be waiting.
- 例2：If he gets to the hospital in time, he will be able to see his farther for the last time.
- 完成式
- 相对于简单式用括弧来表达时间，完成式则是以一个箭头形状的时间来表达，表示动作的截止时间。从功能上看，简单式很清楚地交代动作发生的时段，说明动作落在哪一个括弧之内；完成式则并不对动作发生的时段作明确交代，只表示在某个截止时间之前曾经做过，有做过
- 现在时间
- 例1：I am sure I have seen this face somewhere.
- 例2：We have been working overtime for a week to fill your order.
- 例3：I have lived here for 20 years.
- 例4：I have been living here for 20 years. 强调一直住
- 例5：I have read your book.
- 例6：I have been reading your book. 暗示还在看，尚未看完
- 过去时间
- 若采用过去完成式，则必须有一个过去的截止时间，也就是箭头指到某个过去时间为止，表示在那之前就…过
- 例1：Many soldier had died from pneumonia before the discovery of penicillin.
- 例2：I had been smoking three packs of cigarettes a day before I decided to quit.
- 未来时间
- 未来时间的完成式，只是把箭头的截止时间移到未来的某个点
- 例1：Next April, I will have worked here for 20 years.
- 例2：Come back at 5:00, your car will have been fixed by then.
- 例3：In two more minutes, she will have been talking on the phone for three hours.
