语法俱乐部第五章笔记 介词短语

• The company is in trouble.
• I am leaving for Hong Kong.
• The country is rich in mineral wealth.
• The new janitor works half-heartedly at best.

介词与介副词

• 有一种词类，看起来和介词一模一样，但是后面却没有受词，而是直接当做副词使用，这种词类称为介副词，应当做副词诠释，例：
  • Come in.
  • The soldier stood up.
• 介副词还经常和介词共同使用，例：
  • The plumber went down to the basement.
    • down：介副词，后面没有受词，直接修饰动词went
    • to：介词，后面接the basement当受词，构成一个介词短语，当地方副词使用，修饰动词went
  • He has gone over to your house.
    • over：介副词，直接修饰动词has gone
    • to：介词，后面接your house当受词，构成一个介词短语，当地方副词使用，修饰动词has gone

介词与片语动词

• 例1：The man slept on the couch.
• 例2：The man turned on the light.
• 例1是 S + V 句型，on the couch 是介词短语，当地方副词使用，修饰动词slept的地方
• 例2是 S + V + O 句型，这时候要把turn on当一个动词看待，后面the light是动词turn on的受词，否则，如果将on the light当成介词短语，做地方副词修饰动词turn，那么句子意思就变成：那个人在灯上旋转，这样解释显然不通
• 类似turn on这种情况，在动词后面加上介副词，由两个以上单字构成，产生了新的意义而应该当做动词来诠释，这种构造就称为“片语动词”(phrasal verbs)
• 片语动词的种类：片语动词可分成及物动词与不及物动词，而及物动词中又分成可有拆开的片语和不可拆开得片语
  • 及物动词，不可拆开(受词必须放在片语后面)
    • get over 康复，痊愈
      • It’s only a cold, you’ll get over it soon enough.
    • look into 调查，了解
      • The manager will look into your complaint at once.
    • take after 类似，像
      • Heny takes after his farther.
    • stand by 支持
      • Don’t worry. I’ll stand by you.
    • 如果stand by后面没有受词，则表示“等待，准备”，为不及物片语动词，例：
      • Your team is next. Please stand by.
  • 及物动词，可有拆开(受词可以放在片语后面，也可以把片语拆开放中间)
    • bring up 抚养
      • That woman brought up eight children.
      • That woman brought eight children up.
      • 像bring up这种片语动词，属于及物动词，它的受词可有放在后面，也可有放在中间，这一类的片语动词，如果受词是代名词的话(如 them)，则必须把片语动词拆开，受词放中间，例：
        • That woman brought them up.
    • call off 取消
      • The boss has called off the meeting.
      • The boss has called the meeting off.
      • The boss has called it off.
    • turn down 拒绝
      • I am going to turn down his offer.
      • I am going to turn his offer down.
    • make up 捏造，编造
      • He made up a long story.
      • He made a long story up.
  • 不及物动词
    • come about 发生
      • How did this all come about.
    • fall down 下跌
      • Business has falled off badly since the SARS epidemic.
    • go off 爆炸
      • The bomb went off in the middle of the night.
    • turn up 出现，出席
      • The meeting was postponed because too few people turn up.
  • 三个字以上的片语动词，及物，不可拆开
    • catch up with 赶上
      • He’s slowly catching up with his classmates in exam grades.
    • drop out of 退出
      • John hurt his leg and had to drop out of the race.
    • get away with 逃脱，全身而退
      • If you take the money, you can’t except to get away with it.
    • go back on 食言
      • I promised my kid a new notebook, so I can’t go back on my word now.

介词种类与用法

• 空间介词，可分为点，线，面，体四个角度
  • 点：at
    • 例1：The bus will stop at the dock to pick up passengers.
      • 在bus行驶的路线上，dock是一个点
    • 例2：We have arrived at our destination.
    • 例3：The sniper is aiming at the kidnapper.
  • 线：on，along
    • 例1：The student memorized 10 new words on his way to school.
      • 从家到学校是一个线状的路程，属于线状的空间概念
    • 例2：There are many beautiful villages along the beach.
    • 例3：I see three bookstores on this street.
  • 面：on
    • 例1：I strained my eyes but couldn’t see any ship on the sea.
      • “海面”是个平面，在平面上，通常用on这个介词来表示
    • 例2：There is a picture hanging on the wall.
    • 例3：The speaker is standing on the platform.
  • 体：in
    • 例1：I like to stay in my office because it’s quiet there.
      • 所谓点、线、面、体的认定，其实是主观的，上面的例句中，把办公室视为一个具有长、宽、高的立体看待，所以用介词in
    • 例2：We‘ll go our separate ways, and meet at my office at three.
      • 这个例子中，office是约碰面的地点，所以用at
    • 例3：I think I’ll walk, there are too many cars in the street.
      • 上例中把street视为一个立体空间，说里头的车子太多了
• 时间介词，以at表示点，以in表示在一段时间内，以on标示出具体的日期
  • 例1：I will meet you at six o’clock.
    • 六点钟是时间上得点，应该用at，类似的例子有：at noon，at midnight，at dinner，at sunrise，at sunset，比较特别的是at night
  • 例2：I do most of my work in the morning.
    • “早上”是一段时间，应该用in，类似的例子有：in the evening，in May，in Summer，in 2007
  • 例3：My birthday is on January 23.
    • 讲出哪一天，介词通常要用on，例：on Monday，on the morning of June 20，on New Year’s Day
• 其他介词
  • apart from 除了…之外
    • 这个介词有两种不同的用法，它可以相当于except for，表示“除了…外就没了”
    • 例1：We had no trouble on the way apart from a flat tire.
    • 但是也可相当于in addition to 表示 除了…之外还有，
    • Apart from a flat tire, we also ran out of gas.
  • at 以价钱或速度
    • We joined the tour at $3000 per person.
    • The car was going at 90km per hour.
  • but 除了
    • No one but a fool would accept a challenge like that.
  • in 以某种表达方式
    • How do you say that in English?
    • He signed his name in black ink.
  • up to 这个介词短语有好几种不同的意思
    • It’s not up to me to decide.
    • I’m not up to this job.
      • 这个工作我胜任不了
    • Do you know what Tom has been up to recently?
      • 你知道Tom最近在搞什么吗？
• 不易分辨的介词
  • on one’s way / in one’s way
    • 例1：He is on his way to Tokyo.
      • 由出发地去东京，这是一条路线，属于线的概念，所以用on
    • 例2：Stop aside! You are in my way!
      • 让别人让路，因为挡住了你，这时候路就变成具有长，宽，高的体的概念
  • arrive in / arrive at
    • 一般的语法书有规则：大的地方用in，小得地方用at，但是这种规则不太管用，首先，大小没有一个客观的判断标准，其次，没有讲出重点：其实，in和at就是体和点得区别
    • 例1：We’ll arrive at Honolulu in 5 minutes, where we’ll refuel before flying on to San Francisco.
      • Honolulu是个城市，不可谓不大，但此时是把它当做飞行路线上得一个停靠点，所以用at
    • 例2：The home-coming hero arrived in town and was greeted by the crowed gathered along Main Street.
      • town比Honolulu小的多，可是它是这位英雄进入的地方，因而被视为立体的空间，用in
  • made of / made from
    • from 有出自于的意思，比较有距离，间接，of：还可以在生成物中看出原材料
    • 例1：Those shoes were made from rubber tires.
    • 例2：This chair is made of wood.
  • between / among
    • between有标示位置(夹在…之间)的功能，among则没有
    • 例1：The Rhine flows between France and Germany.
    • 例2：Among the major cities in the world, ShangHai is probable developing most rapidly.
    • 例3：Switzerland lies between France, Germany, Austria and Italy.
      • 此句中虽然有四个国家，但是还是用between，因为这四个国家是用来标示位置的，表示把瑞士夹在中间
  • throw to / throw at
    • to代表方向，类似toward，at 强调目标点
    • 例1：I forgot my keys, Please get them at my desk and throw them to me.
    • 例2：The kids are throwing rocks at the poor dog.
  • from to / from through
    • through 表示穿过，用它来表示起止时间时，意思是头尾都包含在内，to则没有
    • 例1：The circus will be here four months, from May to Septemper.
      • 马戏团要在这里表演四个月，从五月到九月，用to没有讲明日期，也由可能是五月中旬到九月中旬，所以大概是四个月
    • 例2：The circus will be here five months, from May through September.
      • 马戏团要在这里表演五个月，从五月到九月
  • above / over
    • above表示相对高度超过，over则又标示定点的功能
    • 例1：Mt.Everest soars above all other peaks in the Himalayas.
    • 例2：The little child couldn’t keep the umbrella over his head and soon get wet.
  • below / under
    • 与上一对类似，below表示相对高度低，under表示在…下方
    • 例1：The submarine is below the surface now.
    • 例2：Watch out! There is a dog under your car.
  • except / except for
    • 一般情况下，这2个用法和意义都相同，但是放在句首时，只能用except for
    • 例1：You can all go except / except for George.
    • 例2：Except for George, you can all go.
  • on / about
    • 文章或演讲的主题，如果采用比较正式的口吻，比较专业或学术化，就应该用on来表示，如果是非正式口吻，用about就行了
    • He has written a book on the temples of the Upper Nile.
    • He is talking about his childhood.