语法俱乐部第四章笔记 副词
- 关于副词,有两条基本的原则:
- 修饰词和它的修饰对象最好尽量接近,这样会比较清楚
- 修饰词决不能有两个修饰对象而造成模棱两可语意不清的后果
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副词在句子中的位置
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方法、状态的副词(adverbs of manner)
- 这一类的副词是修饰动词专用的,典型的拼法是形容词加上 -y 字尾,既然是修饰动词的修饰词,原则上它的位置应该尽量和动词接近,通常就是放在动词后面的位置,可是副词是修饰词,属于比较不重要的元素,如果在句中有受词,补语等主要元素存在时,方法、状态副词就得向后挪,假如造成副词与它所修饰的动词之间的距离太远,那么可以把方法、状态副词移动到动词前面的位置去,以维持修饰语和它所修饰的对象接近的原则
- S + V 句型
- 例:The dog barked furiously at the mailman.
- 动词 barked 后面已无重要的元素,所以修饰动词的 furiously 可以直接放后面
- 如果改成:The dog furiously barked at the mailman.
- 把副词放在动词前面也是可以的,但是除非特殊原因,还是放在动词后面好,因为动词是主要元素,让它先出来会比较清楚
- 例:The dog barked furiously at the mailman.
- S + V + C 句型
- 例:He stayed single reluctantly.
- 形容词补语 single 是主要元素,应该优先交代,所以修饰动词的reluctantly就被它挤到后面去了
- 如果改成:He stayed reluctantly single.
- 这样会造成语意不清,因为这里副词也可以用来修饰形容词 single,这样违反了不能模棱两可的原则,如果想让副词与动词放在一起,那么可以将副词提到动词前面,这样也是可以的,例如:
- He reluctantly stayed single.
- 例:He stayed single reluctantly.
- S + V + O句型
- 例1:He harassed the girl openly.
- 同上,也可以改成,He openly harassed the girl.
- 例2:He openly harassed the girl sitting at the counter.
- 这个例子中,副词只能放在动词前面,因为如果放在动词后面,或句子的最后面,都会造成模棱两可的后果,如:
- He harassed the girl openly sitting at the counter. 或者
- He harassed the girl sitting at the counter openly.
- 这两句中,openly 也可以修饰 sitting at the counter,所以造成模棱两可的后果,因此只能将 openly 放在 harassed 前面
- 例1:He harassed the girl openly.
- S + V + O + O句型
- 例1:His farther bought him a car generously.
- 同上,因为两个受词都是主要元素,所以副词就被挤到后面去了
- 也可以改成:His farther generously bought him a car.
- 例2:The student asked the speaker a question politely. 可以改成:
- The student politely asked the speaker a question.
- 例1:His farther bought him a car generously.
- S + V + O + C句型
- 例1:I consider you a member of the family proudly.
- 同上,因为受词和受词补语都是主要元素,所以副词被挤到最后
- 也可以改成:I proudly consider you a member of the family.
- 例2:I happily pronounce you man and wife.
- 此句中,副词放在动词前面比放在句子后面更好,因为本句强调 man and wife
- 例1:I consider you a member of the family proudly.
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具有强调功能的副词
- 这一类副词有一个特色:可以用来修饰名词、动词、形容词和副词,其中最特别的是它可以用来修饰名词
- 强调范围的副词(Focusing Adverbs)
- 这一类副词不多,典型的如:only,merely,also,especially,particularly,even,这种副词对位置的要求和严格,大部分都是放在所修饰对象前面,有少数是放在后面,但都不能和它修饰的对象有任何的距离,因为它可以修饰任何词类,只要位置一变动,句子的意思就会发生改变,例:
- John saw the boss yesterday.
- Only John saw the boss yesterday.
- John only saw the boss yesterday.
- John saw only the boss yesterday.
- John saw the boss only yesterday.
- 加强语气的副词(Intensifiers)
- 同上,也可以修饰四种词类,通常要放在所修饰对象的前面,例:
- You are absolutely a genius!.
- The test is extremely difficult.
- Your hair badly needs cutting.
- Time passed amazingly fast.
- 程度副词(Adverbs of Degree)
- 这一类副词和加强语气的副词很像,但是程度副词是用来做“有几成”的表示,把加强语气的副词从句子中去掉,只是语气变弱了,句子的意思并不发生改变,但是如果去掉程度副词,句子的意思则很可能发生改变,它的位置通常也是放在要修饰对象的前面,同上,也是四大类词都可以修饰,例:
- Your sone is quite a man now.
- I barely know John.
- He plays the piano rather well.
- That is a fairly long story.
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修饰句子的副词(Sentence Modifiers)
- 这种副词又可以分成两类:连接副词和分离副词。这两类副词通常是放在句首,也可以挪到主语,动词中间,甚至放在句尾位置,不论放在任何位置,都需要有逗号把它和句子隔开
- 连接副词(Conjuncts)
- 如类似对等连接词and(如besides,furthermore),有的类似but(如however,nevertheless),有的类似从属连接词so(如therefore,consequently),连接副词可以串联两句话之间的逻辑关系,可是它缺乏连接词的文法功能,因此要靠标点来帮忙,如:
- Sales have increased 20%; besides, production cost has come down.
- Consequently, we should have no problem reaching our goals this year.
- However, projections for the next fiscal year are not very optimistic.
- 分离副词(Disjuncts)
- 一般语法书说这种副词是修饰全句副词,这样说可以接受,不过,深入观察可知,它原本属于另一个子句,是该子句中的方法状态副词,例:
- Theoretically, your proposal should work.
- 理论上来说,…,所以theoretically其实是修饰动词speak
- -> If we are speaking theoretically, your proposal should work.
- 一般语法书说这种副词是修饰全句副词,这样说可以接受,不过,深入观察可知,它原本属于另一个子句,是该子句中的方法状态副词,例:
- 连接副词(Conjuncts)
- 这种副词又可以分成两类:连接副词和分离副词。这两类副词通常是放在句首,也可以挪到主语,动词中间,甚至放在句尾位置,不论放在任何位置,都需要有逗号把它和句子隔开
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时间副词,地方副词,频率副词
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副词的比较级
- 同形容词比较级